How does the most recent concept define public health Beaglehole and Bonita’s book Public Health at the Crossroads, published in 2004?	"Collective action for sustained population-wide health improvement"
What were the discoveries that gave public health dominance in the late nineteenth century?	The discovery of the microscope, followed by the discovery of microorganisms, easily changed the theory of disease causation and the "contagion theory", giving more importance to the application of public health methods.
What were the first public health actions carried out for the first time in Italy during the sixteenth century?	Purification of the enclosed space (40 days waiting on ships), washing of surfaces with lime and vinegar, Proportion of 'lazarettes' to house plague victims and creation of semi-permanent public health posts to enforce plague regulations.
How is epidemiology defined?	Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in human populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
How did public health evolve after the end of the era of epidemiology at the end of the nineteenth century?	Disease status was now defined by laboratory-based diagnosis rather than patient complaint. Parallel to this, public health became dominated by people in the medical professions. New training plans were developed in many countries to train these professionals.