we use by	to say how we do something by post by phone by hand by cheque
by cheque by credit car	pay cahs or in cash
by+ing	to say how something happens they got in by breaking a window
by mistake by accident by chance	no aricle
to say how somebody travesl	by car by trian by sea by rail
...foot	on
you cannot use by if	you want to add an article
in passive voice by indicates	the actual subject of the sentence
by also means	beside
come and site by me	beside me
by the doore	beside the door
other use of by	increased by 200 euros carl and make had a arace over 200 meteres. carl won by about three metres.
we also use by witha a reflexice pronoun to	indicate tht we do somehting alone we add all for emphasis
did you build that castle all by yourself	emphsis
beside vs besides	al lado // además

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