How to classify biomes	According to Biological Criteria: (Productivity and nutrient disponibility) According to Physical criteria: Vertical Velocity (m/s) Winter mixed layer depth
Why is CaCo3 important in the ocean	CaCO3 needed for many important organisms like Coccolithophorids, one of the most abundant primary producers. They also play an important role in the albedo in seas, and stratification of the water mass Export o CaCo3, means also export o carbon, and a later carbon source in the sediments. CaCo3 is improtant as a ballast material of the transport of OM to deeper waters and further remineralization.
9 Types of biomes	Equator Downwelling Equator Upwelling Subtropical Stratified Subtropical Seasonal Stratified Low Latitude Upwelling Subpolar Marginal Ice
Water masses o North Atlantic and their characteristics,	North Atlantic Deep Water: Water freshly went down in the downwelling area of the thermoaline circulation in the north atlantic, evaporation, increase in the salinity and cooling, cause an increase in density causing the water to sink. igh salinity, high oxygen content, nutrient minima, high 14C
kw-transport-influences-gas transfer velocity	Kw is also Piston velocity. Controlled by: level of turbulence near the interface, viscosity of water (salinity, temperature)
Stagnant film model	Schematic depiction of the stagnant ﬁlm model. Shown is the air-sea interface (z¼0) with stagnant ﬁlms in both the atmosphere and ocean and turbulent regions further away from the interface. Gas A is well mixed in the turbulent regions, resulting in a relatively uniform concentration [A]w in the water and partial pressure pA a in the air. However, the transfer across the stagnant ﬁlms is assumed to be governed by molecular diffusion. Consequently, the concentration and partial pressure of this gas changes linearly in the stagnant layers toward the saturation levels at the interface, [A]0 w and paA,0. The stagnant ﬁlm model proposes that the time it takes for a gas to transfer across the air-sea interface is governed by how fast this gas passes through the two stagnant ﬁlms
Bioturbation, what is it and what does it have an influence on	Is the active movement of particles by burrowing fauna in the soil and sediments. It takes plase in the upper 10 cm of the sea floor, It causes removing and mixing of the sediments, it has an impact in sediment diagenesis, because it increases the exposure to oxigen, therefore causing more remineralization.
Silicon Cycle	Silicate weathering > Goes into the sea > Assimilation or fixation by diatoms > decay into sediment > dissolution > upwelling
Most abundant elements in the seawater?	1. Cl 2. Na 3. Mg 4. SO4 -Ca K
What is the one box model?	Model based on the assamble of numerical equetion that relate to the changes in concentration whithin the box, and relate to the surroinding other boxes. So: one mass of water is one box.
3 hypothesis of elements in the ocean	Accumulation: Oceanic concentration repersent the accumulation of the inflow from rivers since the ocean started to exist. Kinetic Control: Balance between input to the ocean and the rate of removal. Equilibrium: concentration represent the equilibrium beween sea water and precipetates, and surroundings of the water.
Ekman transport, what is it and what does it inluence?	Form of explaining the wind driven circulation of the water. Due to the coriolis effect, the water doesn't follow the wind direction exactly, it does it with an angle of 45%. The subjacent layers of water also move with an agle between eachother, But the net sum is then 90° and therefore the water movement is perpendicular to the direction of the air. It influences currents and downwellings and upwellings.
N:P ratio. Why are there differences in the ocean?	16:1due to the stoichiometric ratios in phytoplankton across the sea acorrding to redfield, Nevertheless, it changes for diatoms and depends on the concentration in the speciic area (lower, in the order of 10:1 or less), in regios with high nitrogen fixations, it is bigger, 25:1
What is the redfield ratio	Redfield ratio or Redfield stoichiometry is the atomic ratio of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus found in phytoplankton and throughout the deep oceans. This empirically developed stoichiometric ratio was originally found to be C:N:P = 106:16:1.
Which influece has pH on carbonate system	changes on water ph causes changes in concentration on the dominant carbon species. below 6 H2CO3 is the dominant one, between 6 and 9 bicarbonate, and above carbonates. A drop in the ph, desaturates the carbonates concentration, altering the capacity of cocolitophorites to build calcium carbonate shells
main gases dissolved in the ocean	o2, Co2,
Explain: New production, regenerated productio, exported production, net community production	Net production: Is the difference of the primary production minus the respiration Regenarated production (production that uses recycled nitrogen NH4 from the surace. New production: Uses nitrogen either from upwelling or from the athmosphere, or comming from the land via river transports), exported production, whats gets losst and doesn't reneter the system
F ratio, e ratio and ef ratio	f =New production/ Primary production e= export production/primary ef= new/export
Implications on ef transport:	ef-ratio is indicator of the export efficiency. Recycling efficiency es thus 1-ef ratio. High ef ratio=low recycling a lot of export
Where are high ef-ratios to be expected?	In biomes with high new productions and low efficient microbial loops. SOuther ocean with low light, north athlantic upwelling. low ef ratios have the subtropical biomes.
pH influence on the carbonate systems:	low ph will turn equilibrium to the left, thus changing the c speciation and lowering if not depleting the concentration of carbonates.
what are preformed vs remineralized components?	Preformed nutrients are the nutrient (Or for example Oxygen concentration) that were there when the water parcel left the surface. Remineralized components are the ones that form from already present ones.
Classification of Phytoplankton	1) By size: Nano to Makro plankton 2um to 20cm, 2) By origin: bacteria (cyanobacteria) or protista (algae)?
Tracer in Oceanography?	Salinity O2 Silicates Tritium/CFC/Radon Why? Not degradable, low detection limit and doesn´t alter density
Limiting of Na and P	They are biolimiting (surface cocentrations can be depleted by biological processes)
Microbial loop	Is a trophic pathway where DOC is returned to higher trophic lavels via its incorporation into bacterial biomass. The loop is an improtant part of the Carbon Cycle and preventes large DOC pools to be exported out.
Surface renewal model	Renewal o the surface water and nutrients because of eddy diffusion.
NPP measurements	variations in oxygen concentration within a sealed bottle (developed by Gaarder and Gran in 1927) incorporation of inorganic carbon-14 (14C in the form of sodium bicarbonate) into organic matter[14][15] Stable isotopes of Oxygen (16O, 18O and 17O)[16][17] fluorescence kinetics (technique still a research topic) Stable isotopes of Carbon (12C and 13C)[18] Oxygen/Argon Ratios [19]
 HNLC – Why and where	High nutrient, low efficiency regions: mostly in southern ocean, subpolar and seasonally stratified biome.... low efficiency because of either not enough light, or ecosystem not so developed.
NA water masses and Characteristics	NADW, NAIW, NAW, LSW NADW, DEEPEST, SALINITY 35 NAIW, INTERMEDIATE SALINITY, DEPTH AND TEMP VALUE, NACW, warmest 100-500 m, highest salinity (ep) LSW- Almost freshwater mass coming from de-iceng LDW
Ecosystems Model Core Concept	Light, temperature, NPCSIFE (Bottom up control, Limiting) ------ P. Production Secondary production ( Top down control, grazing)
Where are High e-ratios and where lower?	High ef-raFo N-P-Z grazing food chain – Diatoms at the base with large zooplankton and higher trophic levels – Export of large parFcles • Lowering effect of ef-raFo – Microbial loop consisFng of heterotrophic bacteria – Produce and consume DOM and NH4 – Responsible for most of the recycling of organic maZer • Low ef-raFo – Picophytoplankton (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus) mostly unable to use NO3 – Small nano- and microzooplankton

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