590-604	The Pontificate of Gregory I.
**754 **	Promissio carisiaca. Under this treaty Pope Stephen II commits to anointing Pepin the Short as the king of the Franks and “Patrician of the Romans.” The Frankish monarch recognizes the Pope’s territorial domain over the Duchy of Rome, Exarchate and Pentapolis – the legal/territorial title making possible the emergence of the Papal States.
**800**	December 24: Charlemagne is crowned emperor by Pope Leo III.
**843**	Treaty of Verdun. The Empire of Charlemagne is divided.
**962**	Otto I, Duke of Saxony, is crowned Emperor. He is the founder of the German Holy Roman Empire (1st Reich), which would last until 1806.
**1054**	July 16. The Eastern Schism. Michael Cerularius and Pope Leo IX excommunicate each other. Separation of the Orthodox and Roman Churches.
**1075**	Gregory VII (1073-1085) promulgates the Dictatus Papae, 27 statements in which he asserts the pope’s supremacy over secular authorities. This document was not published in the German Holy Roman Empire, in the Iberian kingdoms, or in England.
**1122**	Concordat of Worms. End of the Investiture Controversy.
**1155-1190**	Reign of Frederick I Barbarossa.
**1198-1216**	Papacy of Innocent III, the chief exponent of papal theocracy.
**1220-1250**	Reign of Frederick II Hohenstaufen.
**1291-1293**	Reign of Rudolph I of Habsburg.
**1303**	September 7: The attack at Anagni. Philip IV of France’s troops seize Pope Boniface VII.
**1309-1377**	The Avignon Papacy. The popes reside outside Rome, in Avignon.
**1378-1417**	The Western Schism. Multiple popes vie for St. Peter’s throne.
1519****	Charles V is elected Emperor.
1521****	Diet of Worms. Luther explains the principles of the “Reformation” to Charles V.
1527****	May 6. The troops of Charles V, sharply at odds with Clement VII, occupy and sack Rome (Sacco di Roma). The popes will never again meddle in civil political affairs.
1529****	Diet of Spires. The Lutheran princes “protest” against Charles V’s request for them to submit to the Pope’s authority. They come to call themselves “Protestants.”
1534****	Henry VIII breaks with Rome when Clement VII refuses to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (Ferdinand and Isabella’s daughter). The king declares himself the head of the Church of England (Act of Supremacy). The Anglican Church is born.
1540****	September 27: Pope Paul III accepts the creation of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius of Loyola. The Jesuits become Catholicism’s quintessential advocates and defenders.
1545****	The Council of Trent begins. It would not close until 1563 (Counterreformation).
1555****	Peace of Augsburg. Each German prince may profess the religion he desires and has the right to impose it upon his subjects (cuis regio eius religio).
1572****	24 August. Massacre of Protestants in Paris (St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre). The most dramatic episode of France’s Wars of Religion (1562-1598).
1618-1648****	Thirty Years War. At its close Europe is divided into Catholic and Protestant kingdoms.
1790****	July 12. Civil constitution of the clergy. The French revolutionaries seek to convert the Catholic priests into government officials of the new French state, prompting a break with Rome.
1793****	October. Publication of the French revolutionary calendar, with no reference to the traditional church calendar (Gregorian).
1794****	June 8. Robespierre celebrates the Festival of the Supreme Being.
1801****	Napoleon signs a Concordat with the Pope and reconciles with French Catholics.
1804****	December 2. Napoleon is crowned Emperor of the French in the presence of Pope Pius VII in the Cathedral of Notre Dame (Paris).
1806****	Francis of Austria abolishes the German Holy Roman Empire.
1852-1870****	Second French Empire (Napoleon III)
1870****	September 20. Rome becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, after its military occupation. After the demise of the Papal States, dating back to 754, Pope Pius IX describes himself as a prisoner of the Italian State.
1871-1918****	2nd German Reich
1905****	French Law of separation of the Church and the State (Loi de separation des Églises et de l’État).
1929****	February 11. Lateran Pacts. Mussolini and Pius XI agree to the founding of the Vatican State.
1933-1945****	Hitler’s 3rd Reich

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